Exploring Creation With Chemistry Table of Contents Module 1 : Measurement and Units

	Introduction	1
	Experiment 1.1 : Air Has Mass	1
	Experiment 1.2 : Air Takes Up Space	2
	Units of Measurement	3
	The Metric System	3
	Converting Between Units	7
	Derived Units	13
	Making Measurements	17
	Accuracy, Precision, and Significant Figures	19
	Scientific Notation	22
	Using Significant Figures in Mathematical Problems	25
	Experiment 1.3 : Comparing Conversions To Measurements	27
	Density	28
	Experiment 1.4 : The Density of Liquids	29

Module 2 : Energy, Heat, and Temperature

	Introduction	37
	Energy and Heat	37
	The Nature of a Scientific Law	39
	The First Law of Thermodynamics	40
	Units for Measuring Heat and Energy	41
	Experiment 2.1 : Calibrating Your Thermometer	44
	The Calorie Unit	49
	Measuring Heat	50
	Experiment 2.2 : Measuring the Heat Capacity of a Metal	60

Module 3 : Atoms and Molecules

	Introduction	67
	Early Attempts to Understand Matter	67
	The Law of Mass Conservation	68
	Experiment 3.1 : The Conservation of Mass	69
	Elements - The Basic Building Blocks of Matter	72
	The Periodic Chart	73
	Compounds	76
	Dalton’s Atomic Theory	81
	Molecules - The Basic Building Blocks of Compounds	83
	Abbreviating and Classifying Compounds	84
	Experiment 3.2 : Electrical Conductivity of Compounds in Water	86
	Naming Compounds	88
	List of Element Names and Symbols	92

Module 4 : Classifying Matter and its Changes

	Introduction	99
	Classifying Matter	99
	Experiment 4.1 : Separating a Mixture of Sand and Salt	101
	Classifying Changes that Occur in Matter	106
	Experiment 4.2 : Distinguishing Between Chemical and Physical Change	107

	Phase Changes	109
	Experiment 4.3 : Condensing Steam in an Enclosed Vessel	110
	Chemical Reactions and Chemical Equations	115
	Balancing Chemical Equations	120

Module 5 : Counting Molecules and Atoms in Chemical Equations

	Introduction	133
	Three Basic Types of Chemical Reactions	133
	Decomposition Reactions	133
	Formation Reactions	137
	Combustion Reactions	138
	Atomic and Molecular Mass	142
	The Mole Concept	145
	Experiment 5.1 : Measuring the Width of a Molecule	149
	Using the Mole Concept in Chemical Equations	153

Module 6 : Stoichiometry

	Introduction	163
	Mole Relationships in Chemical Equations	163
	Limiting Reagents and Excess Components	165
	Experiment 6.1 : Limiting Reactants	166
	Fully Analyzing Chemical Equations	168
	Volume Relationships for Gases in Chemical Equations	174
	Mass Relationships in Chemical Equations	176
	Using Stoichiometry to Determine Chemical Formulas	183
	Empirical and Molecular Formulas	184
	More Complicated Experiments for Determining Chemical Formulas	188

Module 7 : Atomic Structure

	Introduction	201
	Historical Overview	201
	Electrical Charge	203
	Experiment 7.1	203
	Electrical Charge and Atomic Structure	205
	Determining the Number of Protons, Electrons, and Neutrons in an Atom	206
	Atomic Structure in More Detail	209
	The Nature of Light	214
	Experiment 7.2 : How the Eye Detects Color	223
	The Bohr Model of the Atom	225
	The Quantum Mechanical Model of the Atom	228
	Electron Configurations	232

Module 8 : Molecular Structure

	Introduction	248
	Electron Configurations and the Periodic Chart	248
	Lewis Electron-Dot Diagrams	251
	Lewis Structures for Ionic Molecules	253
	Ionization Potential and Periodic Properties	260
	Electronegativity : Another Periodic Property	263
	Lewis Structures of Covalent Compounds	265
	More Complicated Lewis Structures	271
	An Application of Lewis Structures (The Ozone Layer)	275

Module 9 : Polyatomic Ions and Molecular Geometry

	Introduction	289
	Polyatomic Ions	289
	Molecular Geometry - The VSEPR Theory	294
	Covalent and Polar Covalent Molecules	302
	Experiment 9.1 : Polar Covalent Versus Purely Covalent Compounds	305
	Experiment 9.2 : Solubility of Ionic Compounds	312

Module 10 : Acid / Base Chemistry

	Introduction	325
	Acids and Bases	325
	Experiment 10.1 : Common Household Examples of Acids and Bases	327
	The Chemical Definition of Acids and Bases	328
	Predicting the Reactions that Occur Between Acids and Bases	336
	The Reactions Between Acids and Covalent Bases	340
	Molarity	342
	Using Concentration in Stoichiometry	348
	Acid / Base Titrations	350
	Experiment 10.2 : Acid/Base Titration	351

Module 11 : Chemistry of Solutions

	Introduction	363
	How Solutes Dissolve in Solvents	363
	Solubility	370
	Experiment 11.1 : The Effect of Temperature on Solid Solutes	371
	Experiment 11.2 : The Effect of Temperature on Gaseous Solutes	372
	Energy Changes that Occur When Making a Solution	374
	Experiment 11.3 : Investigation of a Solute that Releases Heat	374
	Applying Stoichiometry to Solutions	377
	Molality	379
	Freezing Point Depression	381
	Experiment 11.4 : Freezing Point Depression	382
	Boiling Point Elevation	387

Module 12 : The Gas Phase

	Introduction	399
	The Definition of Pressure	399
	Boyle’s Law	401
	Charles’ Law	402
	The Combined Gas Law	406
	Ideal Gases	410
	Daton’s Law of Partial Pressures	411
	Vapor Pressure	412
	An Alternative Statement of Dalton’s Law	416
	The Ideal Gas Law	420
	Using the Ideal Gas Law in Stoichiometry	421
	Experiment 12.1 : Using the Ideal Gas Law	422

Module 13 : Thermodynamics

	Introduction	437
	Enthalpy	437
	Determining (H for a Chemical Reaction by Experiment	441
	Experiment 13.1 : Determining the (H of a Chemical Reaction	442
	Determining the (H of a Chemical Reaction Using Bond Energies	444
	Hess’s Law	450
	Applying Enthalpy to Stoichiometry	456
	Potential Energy Diagrams	459
	The Second Law of Thermodynamics	463
	The Proper Application of the Second Law of Thermodynamics	468
	Gibbs Free Energy	470
	Appendix of Tables	80

Module 14 : Kinetics

	Introduction	487
	Reaction Kinetics	488
	Factors that Affect the Kinetics of a Chemical Reaction	488
	Experiment 14.1 : Factors that Affect Chemical Reaction Rates	489
	The Rate Equation	493
	Using Experiments to Determine the Details of the Rate Equation	495
	Rate Orders	501
	Using Rate Equations	504
	Temperature Dependence in the Rate Equation	507
	Catalysts and Reaction Rate	510
	Experiment 14.2 : The Effect of a Catalyst	510

Module 15 : Chemical Equilibrium

	Introduction	523
	The Definition of Chemical Equilibrium	523
	The Equilibrium Constant	526
	A Few More Details Concerning the Equilibrium Constant	530
	Using the Equilibrium Constant to Predict the Progress of a Reaction	534
	Le Chatelier’s Principle	536
	Acid / Base Equilibria	543
	The pH Scale	547
	Acid Rain	548

Module 16 : Reduction / Oxidation Reactions

	Introduction	557
	Oxidation Numbers	557
	Oxidation and Reduction	563
	Recognizing Reduction / Oxidation Reactions	565
	Experiment 16.1 : Invisible Writing	568
	How Batteries Work	569
	Real Batteries	574
	Corrosion	577
	A Few Final Words	578