Table of Contents



	The Human Body: Fearfully and Wonderfully Made! Table of Contents Module 1: An Organizational Overview and Some Review Introduction 1 Some Terminology 1 Organization of the Human Body 2 Steady as She Goes! 5 A Review of Cell Structure and Organelle Function 10 A Review of Protein Synthesis 14 A Review of Cellular Mitosis 17 The Plasma Membrane 19 Functions of the Plasma Membrane 20 Membrane Transport 24 Module 2: Histology: The Study of Tissues Introduction 33 Simple Epithelial Tissue 33 Stratified Epithelial Tissue 37 Experiment 2.1 40 Glandular Epithelium 42 Experiment 2.2 45 Connective Tissue 45 Connective Tissue Proper 46 Cartilage 50 Bone and Blood 52 Membranes 53 Tissue Repair 54 Module 3: Skin and Bones - The Integumentary and Skeletal Systems Introduction 61 The Basic Structure of Skin 61 Experiment 3.1 69 Hair and Nails 69 Experiment 3.2 72 Skin Glands 73 The Skeletal System 75 Gross Anatomy of Bones 77 An Overview of the Skeletal System 79 Details of the Appendicular Skeleton: The Limbs 81 Details of the Appendicular Skeleton: The Hands and Feet 82 Details of the Axial Skeleton: The Skull 83 Details of the Axial Skeleton: The Vertebral Column 87



	Details of the Axial Skeleton: The Thoracic Cage 89 Module 4: Skeletal System Histology and Movement Introduction 97 Bone Histology 97 Experiment 4.1 99 Cancellous and Compact Bone Histology 100 Experiment 4.2 101 Bone Growth and Bone Remodeling 103 Bone Homeostasis 107 The Three Major Types of Joints in the Skeleton 110 Motion and Terms of Movement 115 Module 5: Muscle Histology and Physiology Introduction 125 Skeletal Muscle Structure 126 Experiment 5.1 128 How a Muscle fiber Contracts 129 The Neuromuscular Junction in a Skeletal Muscle 136 How a Muscle Fiber Relaxes 140 Motor Units 141 Multiple Motor Unit Summation 143 Muscle Tone 145 Energy in Skeletal Muscle fibers 145 Summing Up 148 Module 6: The Skeletal Muscle System A Few General Terms and Principles 155 An Overview of the Skeletal Muscle System 158 Muscle Names 159 The Major Muscles of the Head and Face 161 Major Muscles of the Anterior Chest and Abdominal Wall 163 The Major Muscles of the Shoulder, Back, and Arm 164 Major Muscles of the Forearm 166 Muscles of the Hand 169 Major Muscles of the Thigh 169 Major Muscles of the Leg 172 The Muscles of the Foot 175 Summing Up 175



	Module 7: The Nervous System: Neurons and Neuroglia Introduction 181 The Nervous System at a Cellular Level 183 Neuroglia 186 Experiment 7.1 188 Nerve Structure 189 Action Potentials I: The Resting Potential 191 Action Potentials II: Stimulus and Response 194 Action Potentials III: Stimulus and Conduction 198 Synaptic Transmission 204 Neuron Arrangements 209 Summing it Up 210 Module 8: The Central Nervous System Introduction 217 The Brain 217 Brain Anatomy 219 The Cerebrum in More Detail 224 Other Important Structures in the Brain 229 Protection of the Brain 232 The Spinal Cord 235 The Reflex Arc 237 Ascending and Descending Pathways in the Spinal Cord 240 Summing up the CNS 244 Module 9: The Peripheral Nervous System Introduction 249 Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System 250 Control of the Autonomic Nervous System 255 The Afferent Division of the Peripheral Nervous System 257 The General Senses 261 Experiment 9.1 263 The Sense of Smell 264 The Sense of Taste 267 The Sense of Balance 270 The Sense of Hearing 273 The Sense of Vision: Eye Anatomy 276 Experiment 9.2 280 The Sense of Vision: Physiology of the Eye 282 Summing Up 286



	Module 10: The Endocrine System Introduction 293 The Endocrine System as a Whole 294 Endocrine Glands and Hormones 296 Hormone Chemistry 302 How Hormone Secretion is Controlled 303 Patterns of Hormone Secretion 308 Hormone Receptors in the Body 309 Prostaglandins 310 Summing Up 311 Module 11: The Circulatory System Introduction 317 The Makeup of Blood 317 Experiment 11.1 325 Blood as a Connective Tissue 326 Blood Types 332 Experiment 11.2 336 An Overview of Blood Circulation 337 Heart Anatomy 338 Experiment 11.3 341 The Flow of Blood Through the Heart 343 Cardiac Muscle and the Cardiac Cycle 344 Blood Vessels and the Entire Circulatory System 346 Summing Up 349 Module 12: The Lymphatic System Introduction 355 Lymph and Lymph Vessels 356 Functions of the Lymphatic System 357 Lymph Tissue, Lymph Nodules, and Lymph Nodes 360 Experiment 12.1 360 Lymph Nodes 361 The Spleen and the Thymus Gland 363 Immunity 365 The First Line of Innate (Nonspecific) Immunity 367 The Second Line of Innate Defense 368 Acquired Immunity Part 1: Humoral Immunity 371 Acquired Immunity Part 2: Cell-Mediated Immunity 374 Types of Acquired Immunity and Autoimmunity 375 Summing Up 376



	Module 13: The Digestive System Introduction 381 Overview of the Digestive System 382 The Mouth, Pharynx, and Esophagus 384 The Stomach 389 The Small Intestine 395 The Large Intestine 399 Accessory Organs: The Liver, Pancreas, and Gall Bladder 402 Experiment 13.2 406 Nutrition 406 Summing Up 409 Module 14: The Respiratory System Introduction 415 Anatomy and Functions of the Respiratory System 415 Voice 418 The Muscles and Mechanics of Ventilation 421 Factors That Aid Ventilation 423 External Respiration 427 Experiment 14.1 431 Gas Exchange During External and Internal Respiration 432 Respiratory Control 435 Cellular Respiration 437 Module 15: The Urinary System Introduction 453 Anatomy of the Urinary System 453 Urine Formation: The Overall Scheme 457 Urine Formation, Step 1: Glomerular Filtration 459 Urine Formation, Step 2: Reabsorption 462 Urine Formation, Step 3: Secretion 464 Urine Formation, Step 4: Reabsorption of Water 465 Storage and Release of Urine 469 Blood Pressure Control in the Kidneys 469 Acid/Base Balance in the Body 470 Experiment 15.1 471 Summing Up 475



	Module 16: The Reproductive System Introduction 483 Anatomy of the Male Reproductive System 483 Spermatogenesis 488 Experiment 16.1 492 Hormonal Control of Male Reproduction 493 Anatomy of the Female Reproductive System 495 Development of the Ovum 497 The Menstrual Cycle 500 Review Experiment 508 Summing It All Up 509